K9998012 Graduation Thesis

Hiroshima University Syllabus

Japanese

Academic Year 2024Year School/Graduate School School of Engineering

Lecture Code K9998012 Subject Classification Specialized Education

Subject Name 卒業論文

Subject Name
（Katakana）ソツギョウロンブン

Subject Name in
English Graduation Thesis

Instructor KATAGIRI KAZUAKI,YAMAMOTO TAKEKI,ARAI MASAZUMI,MUTSUDA HIDEMI,TANIGUCHI NAOKAZU,IWASHITA HIDETSUGU,SHINTAKU EIJI,HAMADA KUNIHIRO,SAKUNO YUJI,TANAKA YOSHIKAZU,NAKASHIMA TAKUJI,TANAKA SATOYUKI,SANO MASAAKI,LEE HANSOO

Instructor
(Katakana) カタギリ　カズアキ,ヤマモト　タケキ,アライ　マサズミ,ムツダ　ヒデミ,タニグチ　ナオカズ,イワシタ　ヒデツグ,シンタク　エイジ,ハマダ　クニヒロ,サクノ　ユウジ,タナカ　ヨシカズ,ナカシマ　タクジ,タナカ　サトユキ,サノ　マサアキ,リー　ハンスウ

Campus Higashi-Hiroshima Semester/Term 4th-Year,  First Semester,  Year

Days, Periods, and Classrooms (Year) Inte

Lesson Style Research Lesson Style
(More Details) 　

Study on research issues related to transportation and environmental systems engineering

Credits 5.0 Class Hours/Week 　 Language of Instruction B : Japanese／English

Course Level 4 : Undergraduate Advanced

Course Area（Area） 25 : Science and Technology

Course Area（Discipline） 10 : Integrated Engineering

Eligible Students

Keywords

Special Subject for Teacher Education 　 Special Subject 　

Class Status
within Educational
Program
(Applicable only to targeted subjects for undergraduate students) Based on the basic and specialized knowledge and ability learned in the faculty of engineering, student challenges the specific research topic, and cultivate the overall ability as a professional engineer.
Criterion referenced
Evaluation
(Applicable only to targeted subjects for undergraduate students) Program of Mechanical Systems Engineering
（Abilities and Skills）
・Developing the ability of solving the technological issues with flexible ideas and creativity.
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Cultivating abilities of communication and of internationally collecting information and releasing it

Program of Transportation Systems
（Knowledge and Understanding）
・Cultural subjects: Acquiring general knowledge from viewpoints of Nature, Human and Society Science, and the understanding of a sense of ethics.
・Mathematical and mechanical subjects: To understand basic knowledge of mathematical dynamical system, which is essential knowledge for engineers and researchers.
・Information engineering subjects: To acquire understanding and basic knowledge required for engineers and researchers.
・The area of structural engineering: The ability to apply the technical knowledge on structural engineering to solve issue related with transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment
・The area of environmental engineering and fluid dynamics: Technical knowledge on environmental engineering and fluid dynamics relating to transportation equipment and coexistence
・The area of systems: Technical knowledge on systems, information and transportation systems relating to transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment
（Abilities and Skills）
・Cultural subjects: The ability of multilaterally thinking of matters from viewpoints of Nature, Human and Society Science.
・Mathematical and mechanical subjects: Ability to create questions and analyze by utilizing basic knowledge of mathematical dynamical systems.
・Information engineering subjects: Information processing ability based on mathematics and mechanics.
・The area of structural engineering: The ability to apply the technical knowledge on structural engineering to solve issue related with transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment
・The area of environmental engineering and fluid mechanics: The ability to use technical knowledge on environmental engineering and fluid dynamics to solve issues relating to transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment
・The area of systems: The ability to apply technical knowledge of systems, information and transportation systems to solve issues relating to the areas of transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Ability of design and action: Ability of constructing designs and getting projects done in related to transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment.
・Ability of communication transmission: Communication and information transmission ability necessary for an engineer and researcher.

Program of Material Processing
（Abilities and Skills）
・Developing the ability of solving the technological issues with flexible ideas and creativity.
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Cultivating abilities of communication and of internationally collecting information and releasing it

Program of Energy Transform Engineering
（Abilities and Skills）
・Developing the ability of solving the technological issues with flexible ideas and creativity.
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Cultivating abilities of communication and of internationally collecting information and releasing it

Program of Electrical,Systems and Information Engineering
（Abilities and Skills）
・Ability to solve pracitical issues and problems by voluntarily making a plan, revising it, and utilizing basic and technical knowledge and methods.
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Creative thinking ability and logical thinking skills to analyze practical problems and tasks, and to lead to rational solutions satisfying social needs, as well as technical development skills to physically realize the solutions.
・Skills to organize research results and to describe them logically including the significance and the effectiveness of the obtained outcomes as well as to make easy-to-understand oral presentations and discussions.
・Ability of English conversation, reading and writing skills necessary for research accomplishment.

Program of Electronic Devices and Systems
（Abilities and Skills）
・Ability to solve pracitical issues and problems by voluntarily making a plan, revising it, and utilizing basic and technical knowledge and methods.
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Creative thinking ability and logical thinking skills to analyze practical problems and tasks, and to lead to rational solutions satisfying social needs, as well as technical development skills to physically realize the solutions.
・Skills to organize research results and to describe them logically including the significance and the effectiveness of the obtained outcomes as well as to make easy-to-understand oral presentations and discussions.
・Ability of English conversation, reading and writing skills necessary for research accomplishment.

Program of Applied Chemistry
（Knowledge and Understanding）
・Advanced technical knowledge of applied chemistry.
・The conception ability based on logical thinking supported by basic and technical knowledge.
（Abilities and Skills）
・The quality to be able to understand technologies and their social effects, and to fullfill the resopnsibility as researchers ・engineers to contribute to society.
・The knowledge on economy, safety and reliability of technologies, and the judgment ability to utilize them from global point of view.
・Creativity to solve various problems related to applied chemistry utilizing acquired knowledge and skills
・Socially acceptable sense of moral and designing ability of research and development, which allow demonstrating the ability to solve issues as a researcher ・engineer.
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Self-motivating and continuous learning ability
・Attitudes actively trying to take multiple approaches for solving problems as an independent researcher or engineer utilizing the following items: information collection, skill improvement, development of research methods, analysis and understanding of research outcomes and results.
・Abilities for logical description, presentation, and discussion in Japanese language.
・Ability to collect and send information from international views.
・International sense to deal with problems from global perspectives.

Program of Chemical Engineering
（Knowledge and Understanding）
・To improve multiple thinking ability and understanding of relations among human, society, nature, and engineering.
（Abilities and Skills）
・Definite learning of basic chemistry and chemical engineering and cultivation of application ability
chemical engineering application
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Developing the flexible adapting ability and creativity and cultivating motivation for self-development and self-improvement
・Improvement of  presentation and communication ability and cultivation of application ability to high informatization.

Program of Biotechnology
（Knowledge and Understanding）
・Understanding of relations among human, society, nature, and engineering. (Target A）
（Abilities and Skills）
・Acquisition of basic and advanced skills relating to biotechnology and life science. (Target/ Research class)
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Cultivation of ability creating concept and solving problesms (achievement target D)
・Cultivation of communication skills (achievement target E)

Program of Civil and Environmental Engineering
（Knowledge and Understanding）
・General culture and  breadth of vision
（Abilities and Skills）
・Ability to structuralize problems
・Ability to analyze  problems
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Ability to discover problems
・Ability for evaluation
・Abbility of communication
・Ability to achieve and ability to solve the problem

Program of Architecture and Building Engineering
（Knowledge and Understanding）
・Understanding on learning basic engineering knowledge. (Being able to explain basic contents of mathematics, physics and information technology.  Being able to apply the basic contents to architecture and building engineering)
（Abilities and Skills）
・Understanding on cultivation of expert knowledge and ability for architecture and building engineering.  ((2) Comprehensive and advanced knowledge and ability to develop basis for building engineers.  Being able to summarize documents of the advanced contents on either a）, b） or c）
（Comprehensive Abilities）
・Understanding on cultivation of design capacity.  (Being able to indicate issues and to propose solutions for given subjects from various points of views.  Being able to understand the social background of their researchs and to propose the research plans for their theses.)
・Understanding on cultivation of communication ability. ((1) International communication ability.  Being able to introduce themselves to foreigners and make communications.  Being able to read and write technical papers on architecture and building engineering using dictionaries.)　 ((2) Communication ability in Japanese.  Being able to introduce their own ideas to audience and to have questions and answers session.  Being able to prepare persuasive materials.  Being able to fully understand technical papers on architecture and building engineering (graduation theses for example) and to prepare manuscripts to convey the research results.)
・Understanding on education for self-development and self-improvement.  (Being able to collect materials related to recent problems)
・Understanding on cultivation of ability for planning and exercising  (Being able to accomplish their subjects and to summarize the results within a time limit.  Experiencing collaborative works through experiments, practices and graduation theses.).

Class Objectives
/Class Outline The aim of this subject is to try the spontaneous improvement of problem-solving skill through individual research theme, based on the knowledge and ability that you learned in the class of Faculty of Engineering.
This subject is related to the purpose of the learning and education of the transportation and environmental systems program.

Class Schedule lesson1 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson2 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson3 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson4 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson5 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson6 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson7 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson8 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson9 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson10 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson11 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson12 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson13 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson14 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson15 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson16 Research guidance (midterm presentation)
lesson17 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson18 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson19 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson20 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson21 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson22 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson23 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson24 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson25 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson26 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson27 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson28 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson29 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)
lesson30 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.)

midterm presentation and final presentation

Text/Reference
Books,etc. There is guidance and advice from the supervisor of assigned laboratory.

PC or AV used in
Class,etc. 　

(More Details) There is guidance and advice from the supervisor of assigned laboratory.

Learning techniques to be incorporated 　

Suggestions on
Preparation and
Review There is guidance and advice from the supervisor of assigned laboratory.

Requirements

Grading Method (1) Supervisor evaluates learning and research attitude over the year.
(2) Chair and vice supervisor evaluates the achievement of the submitted paper.
(3) Teachers assess the achievement of the research results by the intermediate and final presentation.
The contents of (1),(2) and (3) are  comprehensively judged. The evaluation of more than 60% is the acceptable level.
In order to pass this subject, it must meet the criteria of the English language written in the student handbook.

Practical Experience

Summary of Practical Experience and Class Contents based on it

Message

Other

Please fill in the class improvement questionnaire which is carried out on all classes.
Instructors will reflect on your feedback and utilize the information for improving their teaching.

Academic Year	2024Year	School/Graduate School	School of Engineering
Lecture Code	K9998012	Subject Classification	Specialized Education
Subject Name	卒業論文
Subject Name （Katakana）	ソツギョウロンブン
Subject Name in English	Graduation Thesis
Instructor	KATAGIRI KAZUAKI,YAMAMOTO TAKEKI,ARAI MASAZUMI,MUTSUDA HIDEMI,TANIGUCHI NAOKAZU,IWASHITA HIDETSUGU,SHINTAKU EIJI,HAMADA KUNIHIRO,SAKUNO YUJI,TANAKA YOSHIKAZU,NAKASHIMA TAKUJI,TANAKA SATOYUKI,SANO MASAAKI,LEE HANSOO
Instructor (Katakana)	カタギリ　カズアキ,ヤマモト　タケキ,アライ　マサズミ,ムツダ　ヒデミ,タニグチ　ナオカズ,イワシタ　ヒデツグ,シンタク　エイジ,ハマダ　クニヒロ,サクノ　ユウジ,タナカ　ヨシカズ,ナカシマ　タクジ,タナカ　サトユキ,サノ　マサアキ,リー　ハンスウ
Campus	Higashi-Hiroshima	Semester/Term	4th-Year, First Semester, Year
Days, Periods, and Classrooms	(Year) Inte
Lesson Style	Research	Lesson Style (More Details)
Study on research issues related to transportation and environmental systems engineering
Credits	5.0	Class Hours/Week		Language of Instruction	B : Japanese／English
Course Level	4 : Undergraduate Advanced
Course Area（Area）	25 : Science and Technology
Course Area（Discipline）	10 : Integrated Engineering
Eligible Students
Keywords
Special Subject for Teacher Education		Special Subject
Class Status within Educational Program (Applicable only to targeted subjects for undergraduate students)	Based on the basic and specialized knowledge and ability learned in the faculty of engineering, student challenges the specific research topic, and cultivate the overall ability as a professional engineer.
Criterion referenced Evaluation (Applicable only to targeted subjects for undergraduate students)	Program of Mechanical Systems Engineering （Abilities and Skills）・Developing the ability of solving the technological issues with flexible ideas and creativity. （Comprehensive Abilities）・Cultivating abilities of communication and of internationally collecting information and releasing it Program of Transportation Systems （Knowledge and Understanding）・Cultural subjects: Acquiring general knowledge from viewpoints of Nature, Human and Society Science, and the understanding of a sense of ethics. ・Mathematical and mechanical subjects: To understand basic knowledge of mathematical dynamical system, which is essential knowledge for engineers and researchers. ・Information engineering subjects: To acquire understanding and basic knowledge required for engineers and researchers. ・The area of structural engineering: The ability to apply the technical knowledge on structural engineering to solve issue related with transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment ・The area of environmental engineering and fluid dynamics: Technical knowledge on environmental engineering and fluid dynamics relating to transportation equipment and coexistence ・The area of systems: Technical knowledge on systems, information and transportation systems relating to transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment （Abilities and Skills）・Cultural subjects: The ability of multilaterally thinking of matters from viewpoints of Nature, Human and Society Science. ・Mathematical and mechanical subjects: Ability to create questions and analyze by utilizing basic knowledge of mathematical dynamical systems. ・Information engineering subjects: Information processing ability based on mathematics and mechanics. ・The area of structural engineering: The ability to apply the technical knowledge on structural engineering to solve issue related with transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment ・The area of environmental engineering and fluid mechanics: The ability to use technical knowledge on environmental engineering and fluid dynamics to solve issues relating to transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment ・The area of systems: The ability to apply technical knowledge of systems, information and transportation systems to solve issues relating to the areas of transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment （Comprehensive Abilities）・Ability of design and action: Ability of constructing designs and getting projects done in related to transportation equipment and coexistence with the environment. ・Ability of communication transmission: Communication and information transmission ability necessary for an engineer and researcher. Program of Material Processing （Abilities and Skills）・Developing the ability of solving the technological issues with flexible ideas and creativity. （Comprehensive Abilities）・Cultivating abilities of communication and of internationally collecting information and releasing it Program of Energy Transform Engineering （Abilities and Skills）・Developing the ability of solving the technological issues with flexible ideas and creativity. （Comprehensive Abilities）・Cultivating abilities of communication and of internationally collecting information and releasing it Program of Electrical,Systems and Information Engineering （Abilities and Skills）・Ability to solve pracitical issues and problems by voluntarily making a plan, revising it, and utilizing basic and technical knowledge and methods. （Comprehensive Abilities）・Creative thinking ability and logical thinking skills to analyze practical problems and tasks, and to lead to rational solutions satisfying social needs, as well as technical development skills to physically realize the solutions. ・Skills to organize research results and to describe them logically including the significance and the effectiveness of the obtained outcomes as well as to make easy-to-understand oral presentations and discussions. ・Ability of English conversation, reading and writing skills necessary for research accomplishment. Program of Electronic Devices and Systems （Abilities and Skills）・Ability to solve pracitical issues and problems by voluntarily making a plan, revising it, and utilizing basic and technical knowledge and methods. （Comprehensive Abilities）・Creative thinking ability and logical thinking skills to analyze practical problems and tasks, and to lead to rational solutions satisfying social needs, as well as technical development skills to physically realize the solutions. ・Skills to organize research results and to describe them logically including the significance and the effectiveness of the obtained outcomes as well as to make easy-to-understand oral presentations and discussions. ・Ability of English conversation, reading and writing skills necessary for research accomplishment. Program of Applied Chemistry （Knowledge and Understanding）・Advanced technical knowledge of applied chemistry. ・The conception ability based on logical thinking supported by basic and technical knowledge. （Abilities and Skills）・The quality to be able to understand technologies and their social effects, and to fullfill the resopnsibility as researchers ・engineers to contribute to society. ・The knowledge on economy, safety and reliability of technologies, and the judgment ability to utilize them from global point of view. ・Creativity to solve various problems related to applied chemistry utilizing acquired knowledge and skills ・Socially acceptable sense of moral and designing ability of research and development, which allow demonstrating the ability to solve issues as a researcher ・engineer. （Comprehensive Abilities）・Self-motivating and continuous learning ability ・Attitudes actively trying to take multiple approaches for solving problems as an independent researcher or engineer utilizing the following items: information collection, skill improvement, development of research methods, analysis and understanding of research outcomes and results. ・Abilities for logical description, presentation, and discussion in Japanese language. ・Ability to collect and send information from international views. ・International sense to deal with problems from global perspectives. Program of Chemical Engineering （Knowledge and Understanding）・To improve multiple thinking ability and understanding of relations among human, society, nature, and engineering. （Abilities and Skills）・Definite learning of basic chemistry and chemical engineering and cultivation of application ability chemical engineering application （Comprehensive Abilities）・Developing the flexible adapting ability and creativity and cultivating motivation for self-development and self-improvement ・Improvement of presentation and communication ability and cultivation of application ability to high informatization. Program of Biotechnology （Knowledge and Understanding）・Understanding of relations among human, society, nature, and engineering. (Target A）（Abilities and Skills）・Acquisition of basic and advanced skills relating to biotechnology and life science. (Target/ Research class) （Comprehensive Abilities）・Cultivation of ability creating concept and solving problesms (achievement target D) ・Cultivation of communication skills (achievement target E) Program of Civil and Environmental Engineering （Knowledge and Understanding）・General culture and breadth of vision （Abilities and Skills）・Ability to structuralize problems ・Ability to analyze problems （Comprehensive Abilities）・Ability to discover problems ・Ability for evaluation ・Abbility of communication ・Ability to achieve and ability to solve the problem Program of Architecture and Building Engineering （Knowledge and Understanding）・Understanding on learning basic engineering knowledge. (Being able to explain basic contents of mathematics, physics and information technology. Being able to apply the basic contents to architecture and building engineering) （Abilities and Skills）・Understanding on cultivation of expert knowledge and ability for architecture and building engineering. ((2) Comprehensive and advanced knowledge and ability to develop basis for building engineers. Being able to summarize documents of the advanced contents on either a）, b） or c）（Comprehensive Abilities）・Understanding on cultivation of design capacity. (Being able to indicate issues and to propose solutions for given subjects from various points of views. Being able to understand the social background of their researchs and to propose the research plans for their theses.) ・Understanding on cultivation of communication ability. ((1) International communication ability. Being able to introduce themselves to foreigners and make communications. Being able to read and write technical papers on architecture and building engineering using dictionaries.)　 ((2) Communication ability in Japanese. Being able to introduce their own ideas to audience and to have questions and answers session. Being able to prepare persuasive materials. Being able to fully understand technical papers on architecture and building engineering (graduation theses for example) and to prepare manuscripts to convey the research results.) ・Understanding on education for self-development and self-improvement. (Being able to collect materials related to recent problems) ・Understanding on cultivation of ability for planning and exercising (Being able to accomplish their subjects and to summarize the results within a time limit. Experiencing collaborative works through experiments, practices and graduation theses.).
Class Objectives /Class Outline	The aim of this subject is to try the spontaneous improvement of problem-solving skill through individual research theme, based on the knowledge and ability that you learned in the class of Faculty of Engineering. This subject is related to the purpose of the learning and education of the transportation and environmental systems program.
Class Schedule	lesson1 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson2 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson3 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson4 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson5 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson6 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson7 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson8 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson9 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson10 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson11 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson12 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson13 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson14 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson15 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson16 Research guidance (midterm presentation) lesson17 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson18 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson19 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson20 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson21 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson22 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson23 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson24 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson25 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson26 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson27 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson28 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson29 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) lesson30 Research guidance (literature survey, analysis, experiment, etc.) midterm presentation and final presentation
Text/Reference Books,etc.	There is guidance and advice from the supervisor of assigned laboratory.
PC or AV used in Class,etc.
(More Details)	There is guidance and advice from the supervisor of assigned laboratory.
Learning techniques to be incorporated
Suggestions on Preparation and Review	There is guidance and advice from the supervisor of assigned laboratory.
Requirements
Grading Method	(1) Supervisor evaluates learning and research attitude over the year. (2) Chair and vice supervisor evaluates the achievement of the submitted paper. (3) Teachers assess the achievement of the research results by the intermediate and final presentation. The contents of (1),(2) and (3) are comprehensively judged. The evaluation of more than 60% is the acceptable level. In order to pass this subject, it must meet the criteria of the English language written in the student handbook.
Practical Experience
Summary of Practical Experience and Class Contents based on it
Message
Other
Please fill in the class improvement questionnaire which is carried out on all classes. Instructors will reflect on your feedback and utilize the information for improving their teaching.

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